منابع مشابه
Refinery wide simulation
Process simulation has been widely used in refineries for more than 30 years. Steady state and dynamic simulations are established tools for the design of new process units and optimisation (off and online) of existing facilities. While mathematical models of separation systems and other unit operations are available in most commercial process simulators, refinery reactors are very specialised ...
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Evolutionary theories of economic development stress the role of variety as both a determinant and a result of growth. In this paper we develop a measure of variety, based on Weitzman's maximum likelihood procedure. This measure is based on the distance between products, and indicates the degree of differentiation of a product population. We propose a generic method, which permits to regroup th...
متن کاملThe “smart” Refinery: Economics and Technology
Advances in sensors, automation, and information technology have significantly changed the way refineries operate. High performance computing in physically small devices and high speed communication technology developments have been the foundation for many of these advances. Advanced analytical and optimization methods based on this infrastructure can simultaneously lower costs, increase profit...
متن کاملClosed-Loop Identification at the Hovensa Refinery
The Hovensa refinery located in the US Virgin Islands is a joint venture between a subsidiary of Amerada Hess and a subsidiary of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA). The facility is one of the most modern refineries in the United States and, with crude oil processing capacity of 495,000 barrels per day (BPD), is one of the largest in the world. The latest round of MPC retesting at the refiner...
متن کاملRefining of Gold at the Rand Refinery
10.2 Historical Development In the early days of South African gold mining, the crude bullion produced had to be shipped to London for refining. The concept of a local refinery had been considered for several years before the first positive step was taken in 1909, when the Transvaal Chamber of Mines founded the Witwatersrand Co-operative Smelting Works, to treat the gold and silver bearing by-p...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1951
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/168541a0